Informer > Tests et évaluations
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Les tests fascinent depuis toujours et ceci quelque soit leur domaine d’exploration : sur la personnalité, les goûts, les relations amoureuses…
Les journaux et magazines regorgent de tests en tout genre parce qu’ils ont un fort pouvoir attractif, même si dans la majorité des cas, ils ne mesurent nullement ce qu’ils sont censés évaluer.
Si le nombre de tests en psychologie et en préparation mentale est pléthorique, peu ont une validité et une fidélité qui rendent leurs utilisations pertinentes.
Pourquoi utiliser des tests ?
• Ces tests sont des outils fondamentaux pour le préparateur mental.
• C’est un ensemble de moyens, de critères, qui permettent d’apprécier les composantes d’un individu.
• Un test est un échantillon de comportements prélevé à un moment donné, c’est une photographie.
• Les tests sont des instruments d’observation : ils définissent avec précision les conditions dans lesquelles sont observés successivement ou simultanément des individus différents.
• Ils permettent la comparaison des individus entre eux et la comparaison de chacun avec des normes de la population.
Les tests sont donc des outils qui permettent une mesure objective, efficace et fine de comportements ou de personnalités. Mais pour qu’ils puissent offrir des mesures objectives il faut qu’ils répondent à certains critères et possédent différentes qualités.
Un test doit posséder différentes qualités:
• La fidélité des résultats : quand le test peut être reproduit et que les résultats restent identiques.
• La validité du test. Le terme de validation revient à se poser la question de savoir si ce test mesure bien ce qu’il veut mesurer.
Un test n’est pas une boule magique !
• Si un test possède des qualités à la fois de fidélité et de validité, le problème est de savoir si on peut transposer des qualités et des aptitudes de la vie au quotidien, « d’homme tout venant » au monde sportif. C’est pourquoi certains tests sont spécifiques au domaine sportif. Là encore, l’écueil est de taille. Comment les valider par rapport à une population de référence ? Selon l’activité sportive, l’âge, mais aussi le niveau de pratique, les données différent profondément et il est donc particulièrement difficile d’avoir un nombre d’athlète suffisant pour valider ces tests.
• Rappelons enfin qu’un test n’a pas de valeur en soi et qu’il doit être étayé par des entretiens. Il constitue un support intéressant pour l’analyse et la compréhension d’un sportif ou d’une situation mais il ne peut se suffire en lui-même.
Nathalie Crépin
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