Publié le par Jamel BABA

Psychologie du sport, préparation mentale, coaching : Quelles différences ?

Informer > Articles > Psychologie du sport > Préparation mentale
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CoachingSolutions
Il y a, en France, un amalgame conceptuel et méthodologique entre la psychologie du sport et la préparation mentale.

Cette opacité est surtout française. Le terme de préparation mentale est le plus fréquemment employé, mais il varie selon les pays. Dans la littérature anglo-saxonne, le terme d’entraînement mental, ou entraînement des habiletés mentales, prévaut sur celui de préparation mentale. Les auteurs germaniques parlent eux d’entraînement psychologique.

Mais un autre terme vient envahir la presse et les médias, c’est le terme de coaching. Ce terme « fourre tout » revêt une réalité tout aussi nébuleuse que sa terminologie.

Le coaching concerne l’accompagnement et l’épanouissement du client : on parle de coaching d’entreprise, de coaching de formation, de coaching conseil, de coaching de vie, de coaching de relookage…Sa prolifération dans les médias et son aspect éminemment marketing favorisent les dérives de cette profession non structurée, tant sur les compétences requises que sur une éthique de la pratique. Et certains mouvements sectaires se sont emparés de ce marché porteur, où tout un chacun, peut, demain, exercer comme coach.

Le psychologue du sport, quant à lui, possède un titre et un statut de psychologue protégé et régis par un code de déontologie. L’obtention de ce titre n’est donc délivrée qu’après un certain nombre d’années d’étude par des compétences certifiées dans le domaine. C’est « Un médiateur de sens entre la préparation mentale, le sportif et son environnement »
Gilles LECOCQ.

La psychologie du sport « est l’étude des facteurs psychologiques et émotionnels sur les performances et de l’influence de la pratique sportive sur ces mêmes facteurs »
Richard Cox (psychologie du sport, Ed De boeck).

Son objectif est d’améliorer les performances mais aussi de prendre en compte la singularité du sportif et de son environnement. Elle vise à renforcer certaines qualités inhérentes à la performance, mais aussi à harmoniser le contexte relationnel, affectif et environnemental. Elle s’intéresse donc au sportif dans sa globalité et sa singularité. Le psychologue du sport peut également proposer un travail psychologique si nécessaire ou si des troubles psychologiques se manifestent.

Marc LEVEQUE psychologue du sport et maître de conférence, propose dans son ouvrage sport et psychologie, un éclairage sur cette pratique de la préparation mentale. « La préparation mentale recouvre l’utilisation par l’athlète, à l’approche de la compétition, de techniques de contrôle de l’anxiété et de renforcement de l’efficience motrice… La préparation mentale propose un ensemble de techniques que l’athlète apprend et applique dans deux objectifs: maintenir l’efficacité du geste dans une situation de compétition et se blinder contre les influences génératrices de stress.»

Elle fait donc référence à des habiletés, des procédures et des stratégies en vue d’améliorer les apprentissages et d’optimiser les performances.
[sws_ui_icon ui_theme= »ui-smoothness » icon= »ui-icon-triangle-1-e »] [/sws_ui_icon] Des habiletés comme la confiance en soi, la concentration…
[sws_ui_icon ui_theme= »ui-smoothness » icon= »ui-icon-triangle-1-e »] [/sws_ui_icon] Des procédures comme la relaxation, l’imagerie mentale, la fixation d’objectifs…
[sws_ui_icon ui_theme= »ui-smoothness » icon= »ui-icon-triangle-1-e »] [/sws_ui_icon] Des stratégies comme le renforcement de la cohésion de groupe.

Elle utilise pour ce faire des techniques et des outils, pour la plupart, importés des pays anglo-saxon. Les techniques (voir article sur les techniques en préparation mentale) et les outils les plus fréquemment usités sont la relaxation, l’imagerie mentale, les techniques cognitives de contrôle de la pensée.

Dans le modèle nord-américain, la différence des deux approches est plus claire et elle est régit par des sociétés scientifiques.

[sws_ui_icon ui_theme= »ui-smoothness » icon= »ui-icon-triangle-1-e »] [/sws_ui_icon] Le fonctionnement nord-américain, en psychologie du sport, différencie le clinicien (le psychologue) du consultant (le préparateur mental) (Weinberg et Gould, 1995).
[sws_ui_icon ui_theme= »ui-smoothness » icon= »ui-icon-triangle-1-e »] [/sws_ui_icon] Cette répartition des compétences est contrôlée par des sociétés scientifiques.
[sws_ui_icon ui_theme= »ui-smoothness » icon= »ui-icon-triangle-1-e »] [/sws_ui_icon] Un psychologue du sport peut former un ou plusieurs préparateurs mentaux.
[sws_ui_icon ui_theme= »ui-smoothness » icon= »ui-icon-triangle-1-e »] [/sws_ui_icon] Il assure le suivi et supervise les préparateurs mentaux.

En France, cette distinction n’a pas cours même si ces deux professions connaissent de profondes mutations en vue de se structurer. Les différents acteurs du monde sportif se trouvent encore confrontés à un foisonnement d’intervenants dans le domaine de la psychologie du sport et de la préparation mentale, d’horizons et de compétences fort diverses.
Mais une volonté manifeste d’offrir un éclairage sur ces pratiques et ces intervenants est en train de se développer en France, avec la création de réseaux nationaux d’experts dans le domaine, sous l’impulsion de l’INSEP, tête de réseau du sport de haut niveau en France.

Crépin Nathalie
Delerue Florence

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